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\title{Why Free Software for Education?} \author{Georges Khaznadar
  $<$\texttt{georgesk@debian.org}$>$} \institute{Lycée Jean Bart (Dunkerque, France) -- Debian Developer}
\date{December 2019}
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\begin{document} 

\begin{frame} \titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame} \frametitle{Table of contents}
      \tableofcontents 
\end{frame}
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{About the author}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{About the author}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Teacher in a French high school: physics, chemistry and computer science
  \item Free Software activist for twenty years. Got bored by Windows 97.
  \item Debian Developer for ten years. Has someone a free-libre package to upload?
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Free Software, Open Source Software}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Free Software}
  \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
  \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.1\textwidth}
    \vspace{-0.5cm}
    \img[width=0.1\textwidth]{img/371px-Richard_Stallman_at_LibrePlanet_2019}
  \end{wrapfigure}
  When I talk about Free Software, I often add the ``libre'' Latin word:
  I mean free as in freedom, not just free as a free beer. Software freedom
  requires four liberties:
  \end{minipage}
  \begin{enumerate}[<+->]
  \item Unlimited use for everybody, for any purpose
  \item The right to understand how the software works
  \item Unlimited right to copy and distribute the software
  \item Freedom to improve the software and to distribute its enhanced version
  \end{enumerate}
  \uncover<+->{
    \textbf{Examples:} \HREF{https://www.libreoffice.org/}{LibreOffice},
    \HREF{https://www.mozilla.org}{Firefox}, which you \emph{may be} already
    using?

    \HREF{https://www.proofpoint.com/us/open-source-email-solution}{SendMail},
    \HREF{https://www.isc.org/bind/}{Bind 9}: if you access Internet, you
    \emph{are} using them.
  }
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Open Source Software}
  \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.1\textwidth}
    \img[width=0.1\textwidth]{img/Esr}
  \end{wrapfigure}
  \uncover<+->{
    Open source means: you can see the source code of the software, which
    entails at least the second freedom explained above (understand how
    the software works). Also, if you have both the run-time form of the
    software and its source files, you can improve the software
    \emph{locally}.
  }
  \vfill
  \uncover<+->{
    \textbf{Example:} in my school, the local area network (LAN) is ruled
    by the software \HREF{http://kwartz.com}{Kwartz}, mostly written in
    Perl language. Kwartz features some
    services, authentication, IP address allocation, e-mail, file shares,
    \emph{owncloud}, ... I can access the source files, because it is
    Open Source Software. However Kwartz' licence does not allow me to
    copy or redistribute it. I am allowed to use it only in my school.
  }
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Closed Software}
  \uncover<+->{
    Companies earn money based on various economic models. Closed Software, which
    may be available for free, or cost something, is the basis for economic
    models based on \emph{secrecy}.
  }

  \vfill
  \uncover<+->{Not every company giving or selling Closed (Proprietary)
    Software harms its customers. However there are
    \HREF{https://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f2600/v-a.pdf}{documented cases}
    for it.
  }

  \vfill
  \uncover<+->{
    My school uses some Closed Software tools, for example the
    software driving our colorimeters comes with no source, and I wish
    I could fix some of their damned bugs.
  }
\end{frame}
\subsection{Free Formats}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Free Formats}
  \img[width=\textwidth]{img/echange_mauvais.png}\\
  Every useful software deals with \emph{data}; every developer may define
  her/his own standard to read and write those data. Fortunately, most
  developers are using standard formats, so data can be exchanged between
  various software pieces.\\
  \img[width=\textwidth]{img/echange_bon.png}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Free Formats}
  \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.15\textwidth}
    \vspace{-0.5cm}
    \img[width=0.15\textwidth]{img/ff}
  \end{wrapfigure}
  In order to respect our freedom, a file format must fulfil some
  requirements:
  \begin{enumerate}[<+->]
  \item be based on an underlying open standard
  \item anyone must be able to develop the underlying open standard
  \item be fully documented
  \item be free of encumbering patents, copyrights or other restrictions
  \end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{Our digital environment}
\subsection{Which colour makes the TV display nice?}
\begin{frame}
  \setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
  \begin{picture}(0,0)
    \put(-0.1,-0.58){
      \img[width=1.1\textwidth]{img/eye}
    }
  \end{picture}
  \frametitle{Which col-or makes the TV display nice?}
  Once upon the time, Black \& White TV was invented. If you are old enough,
  you may remember that some humans walked on the moon in year 1969: their
  images were broadcast on monochrome TV screens.

  \vfill
  Today, most people prefer watching colourful movies. This is possible thanks
  to TV screen featuring
  \HREF{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromacy}{Trichromacy}, i.e. able
  to generate three kinds of sub-pixels.

  \vfill
  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
  \item Is this progress due to the Green Colour?
  \item Is this progress due to the Red Colour?
  \item Is this progress due to the Blue Colour?
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Fragile environments}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Fragile environments}
  \img[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/640px-ForetLandes}
  \img[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/640px-St_Pierre_du_Mont_Klaus_3}
  \\
  \vfill
  Above you can see « Forêt des Landes », a nice forest grown in the
  South-West of France, since king Louis XIV ordered it. This forest is
  uniquely made of
  \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_pinaster}{Pinus pinaster},
  as king Louis XIV wanted pine wood, to build a fleet stronger than
  the English Navy.
  \\
  The picture on the right was taken there in year 2009, after
  \HREF{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Klaus}{Cyclone Klauss}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Fragile environments}
  \img[width=\textwidth]{img/windows+ransomware}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Let us learn from mistakes!}
  \begin{tabular}{c c}
    \img[width=0.37\textwidth]{img/fragile-red} & \img[width=0.37\textwidth]{img/fragile-blue}
    \\
    Fragile & Fragile
    \\
    \img[width=0.37\textwidth]{img/fragile-green} & \img[width=0.37\textwidth]{img/robust}
    \\
    Fragile & NOT Fragile
  \end{tabular}
  
\end{frame}

\subsection{Reasons why Free Software mus be preferred}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Which colour will we choose?}
  As in the TV screen metaphor, the interesting thing is not
  \emph{one} colour, but the combination of all of them. Such a
  combination is feasible only if standards (the \emph{black} arrows)
  are used to communicate:
  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
  \item Standard Protocols
  \item Free File Formats
  \end{itemize}
  \uncover<+->{
    Even when secrecy is needed, standard protocols are the way to go.
    
    When you communicate with your bank over Internet, standard communication
    protocols are used. Secrecy stems from cryptography algorithms,
    which are also public standards.
  }
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{10 Reasons why Free Software must be used}
  Here are ten reasons why Free Software must be preferred and used:
  \begin{enumerate}[<+->]
  \item NOT because it is always cheaper
  \item NOT because it is the easy way to go
  \item Because one cannot know what a closed software does
  \item Because free software empowers \emph{local} companies
  \item Because science cannot rely on secrecy
  \item Because free software makes us independent
  \item Because our daughters and sons can afford free software
  \item Because free software survives its developers
  \item Because free software permits to share good ideas with no hindrance
  \item Because free software permits diversity in our digital environment
  \end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

\section{PHOENIX and ExpEyes}
\subsection{A short French story}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{A short story : first, bare components}
   \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.2\textwidth}
     \img[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/Arduino_Breadboard_ATmega328P.jpg}
   \end{wrapfigure}
  Fifteen years ago, French high schools used to have an optional
  course named \emph{``Mesures Physiques et Informatique''}
  Physic Measurements & Computer Science. Therefore, I was very
  interested by the emerging cheap solutions based on ATmega microcontrolers
  and eventually affordable for students.

  \vfill
  A colleague from Université de Strasbourg, helped my school
  in year 2005 to purchase a few ATmega chips and upload them a
  microprogram, to sample analogical signals and send the records to a
  computer by serial link.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Discovering PHOENIX}
   \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.2\textwidth}
     \img[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/panel_v3.jpg}
   \end{wrapfigure}
  My manager and I were crazy enough to dare open this course as
  remote learning. Our purpose was to allow students in
  \emph{``Sport-Études''} section (sports+studies) to remain at home
  one day longer in the week.

  During the seven first weeks of the school year, they were taught
  three hours every Saturday morning in the school, then they were allowed
  to attend the course remotely from November to June, and send their
  homework by Internet.

  Unfortunately, breadboards are too fragile for our
  students, and we had a lot of issues with them. Then, my colleague
  e-mailed me that \HREF{http://iuac.res.in/~elab/phoenix/parport_phoenix/index.html}{PHOENIX} was born in IUAC!
\end{frame}
\subsection{PHOENIX-M, the portable oscilloscope}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{PHOENIX, then PHOENIX-M}
  \frametitle{Discovering PHOENIX}
   \begin{wrapfigure}{L}{0.2\textwidth}
     \img[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/phoenix_box.jpg}
   \end{wrapfigure}
  The first PHOENIX box was linked to computers by a parallel cable, and was
  bulky. When PHOENIX-M became available, we bought 30 boxes for the school
  and began to distribute them to the next students, with the same training
  schedule: 7 weeks on Saturdays in the school, and later remote learning.

  Each PHOENIX-M box was enclosed in a plastic wallet, with a booklet
  summarising its features, a few external components for experiments,
  and a CD-ROM providing the distribution Freeduc.

  So, homework could be done by booting one student's computer with the
  CD-ROM, and working within exactly the same software environment as they
  were taught in the school.
\end{frame}
\subsection{End of the French story?}
\begin{frame}
  In year 2010, the optional course MPI went out of the curriculum, and many
  physics teacher have missed it, because it yielded measurable consequences
  on students' knowledge and abilities, even when they were tested two year
  after the course, during the \emph{``Baccalauréat''} exam.

  \vfill
  Quite at the same time, ExpEyes was released and I passed the New Member
  Application of the organisation Debian. So, for ten years approximately,
  I keep maintaining the packages for ExpEyes which are part of Debian, Ubuntu,
  and satellite software distributions.
\end{frame}

\subsection{Spreading worldwide}
\begin{frame}
  As a matter of fact, ExpEyes-17 is cheaper than comparable products;
  additionally, it is free hardware, powered by free software. It can
  spread even faster than recently.

  \vfill
  Here is my opinion about it:
  \begin{itemize}[<+->]
  \item it spreads faster when you can access training sessions
  \item it spreads faster when it is supported by the hierarchy
  \item so far, few vendors provide add-ons for ExpEyes: colleagues
    ask me about ready-made colorimeters, pH-meters, ...
  \item no vendor dares to sell it together with services, at a higher price
  \item so far, few authors write about ExpEyes, few people publish tips and
    tricks doable with it
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\section{Credits}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Credits}
  This PDF file is authored by Georges Khaznadar <georgesk@debian.org>,
  you can find it on Internet at the permanent URL:

  \vfill
  \HREF{http://georges.khaznadar.fr/docs/speeches/2019-calicut/}{http://georges.khaznadar.fr/docs/speeches/2019-calicut/why-freedom.pdf}

  \vfill
  You can also find its source in \LaTeX language.

  \licenceCcBySa

  \vfill
  \begin{center}
    \img[width=0.25\textwidth]{img/speech-QR}
  \end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Credits}
  \imgref{img/371px-Richard_Stallman_at_LibrePlanet_2019} \licenceCcBySa by
  Ruben Rodriguez, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Stallman_at_LibrePlanet_2019.jpg}{commons.wikimedia.org}.
  \\
  \imgref{img/Esr} \licencePubDom by Russ Nelson, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esr.jpg}{commons.wikimedia.org}.
  \\
  \imgref{img/echange_mauvais.png} \licenceCcBySa by April, see \HREF{http://media.april.org/docs/formats_ouverts/mini-site/formats-ouverts.html}{media.april.org}
    \\
    \imgref{img/echange_bon.png} \licenceCcBySa by April, see \HREF{http://media.april.org/docs/formats_ouverts/mini-site/formats-ouverts.html}{media.april.org}
    \\
    \imgref{img/640px-St_Pierre_du_Mont_Klaus_3} \licenceCcBySa by Jibi44, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pierre_du_Mont_Klaus_3.JPG}{commons.wikimedia.org}
    \\
    \imgref{img/640px-ForetLandes} \licenceCcBySa by Larrousiney, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ForetLandes.JPG}{commons.wikimedia.org}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Credits}
  \imgref{img/Wana_Decrypt0r_screenshot}  \licencePubDom by ``Unknown criminal'', see \HREF{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wana_Decrypt0r_screenshot.png}{commons.wikimedia.org}
  \\
  Various computer SVG icons:  \licenceCcBySa by various authors, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_lab_icon.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_computer_icon.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laptop_font_awesome.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wireless-icon.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_(3408)_-_The_Noun_Project.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Controller.svg}{c.w.o}, \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ethernet_Port.svg}{c.w.o}
  \\
  \imgref{img/Arduino_Breadboard_ATmega328P.jpg} \licenceCcBySa by Dolicom, see \HREF{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arduino_Breadboard_ATmega328P.jpg}{c.w.o}
  \\
  \imgref{img/panel_v3.jpg} \licenceCcBySa by Ajith Kumar, see \HREF{http://iuac.res.in/~elab/phoenix/parport_phoenix/index.html}{iuac.res.in/~elab}
  \\
  \imgref{img/phoenix_box.jpg} \licenceCcBySa by Ajith Kumar, see \HREF{http://www.iuac.res.in/~elab/phoenix/basics.html}{iuac.res.in/~elab}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
